Neurodivergent Symptoms in Young Adults: Signs, Struggles, and When to Seek Support

Understanding Neurodiversity

What Is Neurodiversity?

Neurodiversity is the concept that neurological differences, such as those in people with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or autism spectrum disorder (ASD), are natural variations in human brain development.

It’s a philosophy that these differences are a natural manifestation of humanity’s variety and should be respected and accepted, rather than viewed as wrong or problematic. Neurodiversity is also used to help normalize and destigmatize these conditions in the public consciousness. 

It’s important to note that neurodiversity is not the same as having a mental health condition. Neurodivergent conditions do commonly co-occur with mental health conditions, such as anxiety, but both conditions require different approaches to treatment and support. 

What Is Neurodivergence?

Neurodivergence refers to the natural variations in the human brain that affect how people learn, behave, and think. 

The term emphasizes that these differences are not deficits, but are, in fact, unique ways of functioning. 

Are Neurodivergence and Neurodiversity the Same Thing?

No, though these terms are related, they are not the same thing.

Neurodivergence describes individuals who have neurological differences that affect how they think, learn, or process information, while neurodiversity is the idea that human brains vary naturally.

How Common Is Neurodivergence?

Neurodiversity is common, with an estimated 15 to 20% of the global population identified as neurodivergent. 

Types of Neurodiversity

What Are the Types of Neurodiversity?

There are several conditions identified under the neurodiversity umbrella, which include:

• Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
• Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
• Dyslexia
• Dyspraxia (developmental coordination disorder)
• Dysgraphia 
• Dyscalculia
• Tourette Syndrome
• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
• Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD)
• Nonverbal Learning Disorder (NVLD)

The most commonly encountered neurodivergent conditions are neurodevelopmental conditions, such as ADHD and autism, and learning disabilities, such as dyslexia and dyscalculia. It is not uncommon for an individual to be neurodivergent in multiple ways. 

Is ADHD Neurodivergent?

Yes, ADHD is considered a form of neurodivergence.

ADHD represents genuine neurological differences in attention regulation and executive function. 

Is Autism Neurodivergent?

Yes, autism is a form of neurodivergence. 

Autism is a commonly used example to demonstrate how neurological development can differ in such neurodivergent individuals compared to neurotypical ones. 

Is Anxiety Neurodivergent?

Anxiety itself is not considered a neurodivergent disorder.

However, anxiety can manifest differently in neurodivergent conditions and may create unique challenges. Anxiety conditions, such as social anxiety, can often co-occur with neurodivergent conditions. 

How Do Neurodivergent Traits Differ Across the Neurodiversity Spectrum?

Neurodivergent traits vary widely across the spectrum with marked differences in sensory processing, social communication, learning styles, and focus. 

Each neurodivergent condition will come with strengths and challenges. For example, some neurodivergent people with autism or ADHD will excel in creativity with an aptitude for attention to detail. However, those same individuals may have learning differences that can be difficult to cope with in a standardized setting. 

Neurodiversity is an umbrella term, with many people with a wide range of conditions identifying as neurodivergent. This emphasizes that neurodiversity describes naturally occurring brain differences, rather than dismissing them as deficits.

Signs Of Neurodivergence in Young Adults

How Can You Tell If You Are Neurodivergent?

You can tell if you may be neurodivergent by recognizing behavioral or emotional patterns within yourself that deviate from what is considered neurotypical. Key signs can include:

• Engaging in repetitive movements or sounds (stimming), such as rocking or tapping
• Struggles with motor skills, such as difficulties with coordination, posture, and motor planning
• Having high sensitivities to sensory inputs like noise, lights, or texture that cause discomfort or overwhelm
• Difficulties in emotional regulation, leading to intense emotional responses or difficulty managing feelings effectively
• Challenges with socialization, such as difficulty interpreting social cues, making eye contact, or reading body language
• Difficulties with executive functioning, such as trouble managing time or organizing tasks 
• Deep-focused interests and/or passions for specific topics or hobbies
• Difficulty with change and a strong preference for routines

These signs alone don’t confirm neurodivergence, but can be a signal that an assessment or consultation with a mental health professional can be helpful. 

What Are the Traits of a Neurodivergent Person?

Neurodivergent individuals may exhibit traits such as:

• Difficulty with social cues (talking over others, difficulty understanding nonverbal signals, and body language)
• Sensory sensitivities (loud noises, certain textures, bright lights, etc)
• Executive dysfunction (trouble staying organized, losing track of time)
• Emotional dysregulation (mood swings, difficulty managing ‘big’ emotions)
• Intense focus on special interests
• Demonstrating unique learning styles   

Again, displaying these traits alone does not always indicate the presence of neurodiversity, but can be a sign that further exploration is needed. 

Why Do Some Signs Go Unnoticed?

Some signs of neurodiversity go unnoticed because some individuals may learn to hide their unique characteristics, known as ‘masking’, and societal biases often ignore or overlook these differences.

Societal biases can lead to misunderstandings about what is considered ‘normal’ or neurotypical behavior, leading to some neurodivergent traits being dismissed. Many may not recognize that they are neurodivergent and explain away these traits as personal quirks or failings. 

Masking is another issue in which neurodivergent individuals learn to hide their characteristics to fit in with societal expectations. This can make it difficult for others to recognize their neurodivergent traits.

Neurodivergent Symptoms in Young Adults

What Are Common Neurodivergent Symptoms in Young Adults?

Some common neurodivergent symptoms in young adults can include:

• Difficulty regulating emotions
• Executive functioning challenges 
• Difficulty reading social cues and maintaining social interactions
• Hyperfocus and special Interests
• Preference for direct communication over small talk
• Difficulty with traditional educational approaches
• Heightened or diminished sensitivity to sensory inputs (sounds, lights, textures, crowds, etc)
• Strong reliance on structure and routine, and anxiety when routines are disrupted
• Engaging in self-soothing stimming (movement or sound)
• Preference for hands-on or visual learning methods
• Social situations and rules feel confusing, draining, or overwhelming
• Fidgetiness, pacing, or restlessness

These signs may indicate the presence of a neurodiverse condition, but only a healthcare professional can make a diagnosis. 

Do Neurodivergent People Experience Sensory Overload?

Yes, some neurodivergent people can experience sensory overload.

Sensory overload happens when the brain receives too much sensory input at once. This makes it hard to process or organize these inputs, leading to feelings of discomfort, anxiety, or being overwhelmed.

Can Neurodivergent Symptoms Change Over Time?

Yes, neurodivergent symptoms can change over time, and conditions like autism and ADHD may present differently as individuals get older.

Other factors, such as biological development, environment, and support/coping strategies learned in life, may also influence how neurodivergent symptoms change over time. 

How Do Symptoms Differ Across Conditions Like ADHD, Autism, Anxiety, and Trauma?

Symptoms of these conditions can overlap, but have distinct characteristics. 

• ADHD is defined by persistent inattention, impulsivity, hyperactivity, and emotional dysregulation
• Autism is defined by social communication challenges, repetitive behaviors, and restricted interests
• Anxiety is defined by excessive worry and difficulty controlling worry. Physical symptoms like restlessness are also present with anxiety
• Trauma symptoms arise after specific traumatic events and can cause symptoms of hypervigilance, emotional distress, and avoidance

ADHD and autism are both classified as neurodevelopmental conditions, while anxiety and trauma are classified as mental health conditions. 

Struggles Associated With Neurodivergence

What Are Common Challenges Faced by Neurodivergent Individuals?

Neurodivergent individuals often face challenges in daily living, which can include:

• Stigma and misunderstanding, which can lead to discrimination
• Communication barriers
• Employment challenges, including biases in hiring practices
• Difficulties in accessing appropriate healthcare and long wait times for support
• Struggles with overwhelming environments due to heightened sensory perception
• Emotional and behavioral Issues
• Increased risk of mental health conditions like anxiety and depression

Stigma is perhaps the most serious obstacle to neurodivergent people, as it encourages masking and prevents individuals from getting the care and support they need to thrive. 

How Does Neurodivergence Affect Mental Health?

Neurodivergence can affect mental health due to the difficulties of navigating a world primarily designed for neurotypical individuals. 

Individuals may experience higher rates of mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, and even suicidal ideation. Neurodivergent people may also experience these mental health challenges in unique ways due to the differences in brain function and cognitive processing, especially in conditions like autism or ADHD. 

Do Neurodivergent People Struggle with Executive Function?

Yes, many neurodivergent individuals, particularly those with autism and ADHD, often struggle with executive functioning. 

This can make it difficult for them to organize, start tasks, plan, and regulate emotions effectively. 

Do Neurodivergent People Experience Social and Communication Challenges?

Yes, neurodivergent individuals often face unique social and communication challenges, with some examples being:

• Difficulty interpreting nonverbal cues and understanding social nuances and dynamics
• Struggles with initiating and maintaining friendships or romantic connections
• Challenges in participating in social events or group activities due to anxiety or sensory overload

Some neurodivergent individuals struggle with feelings of social rejection or isolation due to these challenges. 

Are Neurodivergent People More Prone to Addiction?

Yes, neurodivergent individuals, particularly those with ADHD and autism, are more prone to addiction. 

One study showed that individuals with autism are four times more likely to develop a substance use disorder compared to those without autism. The reasons for this increased risk are due to self-medication with substances, such as drugs or alcohol. Neurodivergent individuals may struggle to manage their emotions, feel socially rejected, and feel isolated from others, leading to substance use as a coping mechanism.

When to Seek Support

When Should You Seek Help?

Neurodivergent individuals should seek professional help when they experience challenges that make it difficult to live a healthy daily life. 

It’s not uncommon for neurodivergent individuals to struggle with social interactions, managing emotions, or handling sensory sensitivities. Without the tools and coping strategies in place to help manage these challenges, it can be difficult to function or even live your life without feeling overwhelmed. If you feel stuck, hopeless, or afraid, it’s always okay to reach out for professional help. 

How Can Parents Recognize Escalating Needs?

Parents can recognize escalating needs of their neurodivergent loved one by observing any changes in how they behave, communicate, and express themselves. 

Some of these signs can include:

• Behavioral changes, such as increased meltdowns, withdrawal from loved ones, and increased repetitive behaviors 
• Communication changes, such as delayed responses or changes in how they express themselves, such as relying on non-verbal cues or fewer words
• Expression changes, such as fluctuations in mood and increased sensitivity to sensory inputs 

Parents should maintain an open line of communication with their loved one and encourage regular dialogue. Checking in with their loved one about how they are feeling can often tell them if they are struggling. It’s important to validate feelings and express that it’s okay to express negative feelings. Parents should not encourage their loved ones to wear a mask, as it can hide when they are experiencing distress. 

What Steps Should Families Take When They Suspect Neurodivergence?

If parents suspect that their loved one is neurodivergent, they should first observe and record what patterns they notice and then speak with a healthcare provider. 

Observing and recording patterns, such as needing extra time to learn skills or feeling overwhelmed in noisy places, can be helpful when later speaking to their loved one’s healthcare provider. Your loved one’s teacher may also provide additional observations. 

Then, their healthcare provider will help make a plan for assessment and testing, and may require seeking professional guidance from other healthcare providers. Once a plan is agreed on, testing for a diagnosis can begin. 

How Is Neurodivergence Diagnosed?

Neurodivergent conditions are diagnosed through assessments by trained medical professionals.

This is a multi-step evaluation that combines interviews, standardized tests, and behavioral observation. One single questionnaire is not enough to formally obtain a diagnosis. The goal is to evaluate symptoms and behaviors associated with specific neurodevelopmental conditions and determine if this constitutes an accurate diagnosis.

Treatment & Support for Neurodivergence

What Therapeutic And Educational Support Exists?

Therapeutic support for neurodivergence can include therapies, such as speech, occupational, and behavioral therapy, while educational support may include specialized tutoring, accommodations, and individualized education plans (IEPs).

The goal is to help neurodivergent individuals thrive socially and academically by providing specialized support. Neurodivergent individuals may also benefit from therapeutic transitional living, which provides targeted support for a wide range of neurodevelopmental conditions and learning differences. 

STRiV Forward is specially equipped to help young adult students with autism, ADHD, and other conditions learn essential life and executive functioning skills in a supportive, semi-independent apartment-style living. Students can go to school or have a job while living at STRiV Forward, while also having access to specialized therapeutic support and opportunities for socialization. 

Is Medication Necessary?

Medication is not necessary for neurodivergence itself, but may be prescribed to help manage specific challenges that impact daily life.

No medication can ‘cure’ or ‘fix’ a neurodivergent condition. However, some medications can address specific symptoms and make it easier to manage daily life. For example, medications that address attention issues and impulsivity can be helpful for some students with ADHD. A medical professional will be best able to determine if medication will be appropriate for your loved one.

How Can Families Find Appropriate Support?

Families can find support for their neurodivergent loved one by seeking resources that offer evidence-informed information and practical guidance.

Medical and mental health care professionals can help families find specific information, support groups, and educational materials that best suit their loved one’s needs. Joining support groups also helps families understand their loved ones better and see how neurodiversity can also be beneficial.

Facilities that focus on mental health care and therapeutic support, like STRiV Forward, will often have parental support programs while their loved one is enrolled. This helps parents find mutual support and understanding as they learn how to support themselves and their loved ones. 

How Can Treatment Support Independent Growth?

Treatment tailored for neurodivergent individuals can support independent growth by addressing their unique challenges and celebrating their strengths. 

Therapeutic transitional living programs provide accommodations and coaching that help individuals naturally develop life skills in a supportive environment. Access to specially tailored therapies, like occupational and speech therapy, helps them develop healthy coping mechanisms. This comprehensive approach promotes self-advocacy, enabling individuals to thrive in independent living environments.

How Can Daily Structure and Routines Help?

Daily structure and routines provide predictability, which can reduce anxiety and improve emotional regulation for neurodivergent individuals. 

A daily routine strengthens positive behaviors and supports executive functioning skills, which makes tasks more manageable. This also helps carve out time for self-care and wellness, which can prevent burnout and feelings of overwhelm.